Operant conditioning is a form of learning in which a individuals behaviour is modified by its consequences;the behaviour may change in form,frequency, or strength. Operant conditioning is distinguished from classical conditioning in that operant conditioning deals with the modification of "voluntary behaviour". Operant behaviour operates on the environment and is maintained by its consequences. while classical conditioning is not.
Reinforcement, punishment, and extinction
Reinforcement and punishment, The core tools of operant conditioning, are either positive (delivered following a response), or negative (withdrawn following a response). This creates a total of four basic consequences, with the addition of a fifth procedure known as extinction (no change in consequence following a response.)
It's important to realise its not the people themselves are not spoken as being reinforced, punished or extinguished it is the actions which are spoke of like that. those 3 terms are also not restricted to the labs as there are naturally occurring consequences can also be said to reinforce, punish, or extinguish behaviour and are not always delivered by people.
- Reinforcement Is a consequence that causes a behaviour to occur with greater frequency
- Punishment is a consequence that causes a behaviour to occur with less frequency
- extinction is caused by the lack of any consequence following a behaviour. When a behaviour is inconsequential (no response at all) it will occur less frequently. When a previously reinforced behaviour is no longer enforced with either a positive or negative reinforcement, it leads to a decline in that behaviour.
Four contexts of operant conditioning
Here the terms positive and negative are not used in their popular sense, but rather: positive refers to addition and negative refers to subtraction.Positive and negative can both come under reinforcement or punishment. The means Positive punishment is sometimes a confusing term as it adds something to the negative stimulus or increasing the intensity of a stimulus which is bad such as spanking or an electric shock
- Positive reinforcement (reinforcement): occurs when a behaviour (response) is followed by a stimulus that is appetitive or rewarding, increasing the frequency of that behaviour. e.g. giving s sweet if a child is well behaved
- Negative reinforcement (Escape): occurs when a behaviour (response) is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus, thereby increasing that behaviours frequency. for example if you put sun cream on before going to a beach you will avoid getting sunburnt, by getting rid of the aversive stimulus (sunburnt) the health behaviour is more likely to be used again
- Positive punishment: (Punishment): occurs when a behaviour (response) is followed by a stimulus, such as introducing a shock or loud noise, resulting in a decrease in that behaviour.
- Negative reinforcement (penalty): occurs when a behaviour is followed by the removal of a stimulus, such as taking away a childs toy following an undesired behaviour, resulting in a decrease in that behaviour such as taking away a toy if a child is naughty.
Using operant conditioning to improve adherence
The funhaler toy circuit design: harnessing play for drug delivery in an attempt to address the adherence problem from a new perspective (that of a child), a novel low volume spacer device, the 'funhaler' was designed. This device incorporates a number of features to distract the attention of children from drug delivery event itself and to provide a means of self-reinforcing the use of effective techniques
The Funhaler differs from previous attempts in numerous ways for example it has incentive toys which is in a separate branch to the standard inhalation circuit, its set near the experimentary valve so it avoids contamination of drug delivery and the design attempts to link the optimal function of they toys to deep tidal breathing pattern conductive to effective medication
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